Medical brain Notes 3

  Pelvic Inflammatory Disease   Difintion – the infection of female internal genitalia beyond the interinal os of cervix Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Continues to be a problem among women of reproductive age group and is one of the most common serious complications of sexually transmitted diseases.   More important than the infection itself is that the women develop PID suffers serious long-term health problems as a result of it.   These includes infertility, entopic pregnancy, tuboovarian abscess, pyosalpinx, chronic pelvic pain and pelvic adhesive disease   Predisposing factors   Previous PID, Multiple sexual partners, Adolescent (sexuall active) and the use of intrauterine contraceptive divice   Etiology   ·          Neisseria gonorrhoeae   ·          Chlamydia trachomatis   ·          Mycoplasma hominis   ...

  Folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles   Bacterial infections of the vulva, excluding those caused by sexually transmitted organisms, can be classified as Pyodermas, which are, subdivided into infections those involvs hair follicles, apocrine glands, the dermis and cellular planes. The most common of these are follicular infections, which can lead to furuncle or carbuncle formation. Folliculitis can be either a superficial or a deep infection of hair follicule it is characterized by a pustule surrounded by an erythematous papule.   A furuncle is an infection of the deep follicle, involving the tissue beyond the follicle, involving the tissue beyond the follicle. This lesion is hard, tender, and erythematous carbuncles are formed when several follicles become infected and intercommunicate with one another.     Cause:- The most common offending organism isstaphylococcus aureus. If the lesion is single or and a superficial folliculitis, a topical ointment or lotion ...

  Candidiasis   Candidiasis is the most common fungal infection caused by candidia albicans and which accounts for the vast majority of fungal vulvo vaginal infections. Candida is a common inhabitant of the mouth, large intestine and vagina in 25-50% of healthy individuals. The particular environmental and biological factors that given rise to clinical infection by candida albicans are not understood, but some women may be more susceptible; predispostion to infection is associated with diabetes, pregnancy and the administration of antibiotics, particularly those like penicillin, that are effective against vaginal lactobacilli.   The rise of sexual transmission in candida infection is not clear; although the organism is often shared by sexual partners. Tight clothes and mid skill abrasions may contribute to clinical presentation of infection. Presentation Sign and symptom   A woman may complain of vulval pruritus (itchiness) and an examination there may be evidence of...

  Trichomoniasis   Trichomoniasis is an infection of the lower genital trait in men and women and is caused by an anearobic, motile protozoan trichoman vaginalis. It is categorized as a sexually transmitted disease (STD) with its transmission felt to be principally by direct intimate contact.   Trichomoniasis vaginalis is significant because of the sever vaginitis and its common association with other sexually transmitted infections, particularly Neisseria gonorrhea and Chlamydia trachomatis. Risk Factor   Studies have indicates that there are multiple risk factors for trichomoniasis   Includes   ·          low socio economic status   ·          lack of education   ·          crowded living conditions   ·          lack of sanitation   ·        ...

  Trauma of the female genital tract fistulae   Genital tract fistulae may occur between the vagina or the uterus and any adjacent organ, but the most frequently encountered fistulae are between the bladder and vagina called vesico vaginal fistula or the rectum and vagina calledrecto vaginal fistula. Other types may occur, but are rare, and occasionally multiple fistulae may be found in the same woman.   Cause: In developing countries   ·          about 85% of fistulae follow an obstructed labour   ·          15% surgery or radiation for gynecological conditions Obstetrical and surgical fistulae arise either immediately due to direct trauma, or 5 to 14 days after delivery or operation when the traumatized, ischaemic tissue sloughs. Fistulas following irradiation rarely appear until one or more years after treatment.   ·          In vesico ...